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Pregnancy is accompanied by cardiovascular changes, namely increased sympathetic drive, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation for plasma volume expansion, as well as increased erythropoiesis for efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery; these altogether meet the metabolic and circulatory demands for maternal-foetal wellbeing.
Inflammation and homeostasis disruption, from either coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and vaccination, can give rise to cardiovascular pathology.
Influenza types A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, and parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3 have long been categorised as the common respiratory viruses in Hong Kong.
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There is no excerpt because this is a protected post.
Disruption of standard patient care due to the COVID-19 pandemic has been long postulated, and is now supported by a study reported in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology reporting delays in the delivery of essential diagnostic services, particularly for cardiovascular conditions, affecting health outcomes.
While vaccines are starting to become available for the prevention of SARS-Cov-2 infection, it is anticipated that the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will continue for at least the next year.
Evidence in recent years has shown that the lower the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the lower the risk of future cardiovascular events.
While SARS-CoV2 has been previously reported to exist in lung tissue in a 78-year-old patient who died of unexpected cardiac arrest when ready for discharge after COVID-19 hospitalisation, recently the first evidence of SARS-CoV2 infection in heart muscle cells has been reported in a case from Brazil and which is supported by evidence from other reports.